Mechanism studies
Can explore pathways and biological activity. Cannot by itself prove a meaningful benefit in people.
Evidence explorer
Read the evidence by study type.
Use the filters to compare what different forms of evidence can and cannot establish. These cards are methodological examples, not endorsements of a product.
Association studies
Can identify patterns. Cannot reliably separate cause from confounding factors.
Randomized trials
Can estimate effects when well designed, sufficiently powered, and transparently reported.
Evidence synthesis
Can summarize multiple studies, but quality depends on the included evidence and methods.
Finished-product trials
Most relevant to a specific formula, especially when dose, manufacturing, and population match.
Certainty assessment
Looks at bias, inconsistency, precision, directness, and publication bias.
Evidence is only one part of safety.
Product identity, contamination testing, interactions, health history, and clear labeling matter too.